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A choral symphony is a musical composition for orchestra, choir, and sometimes solo vocalists that, in its internal workings and overall musical architecture, adheres broadly to symphonic musical form.〔Kennedy, ''Oxford Dictionary'', 144.〕 The term "choral symphony" in this context was coined by Hector Berlioz when he described his ''Roméo et Juliette'' as such in his five-paragraph introduction to that work.〔"Avant-Propos de l'auteur", Reiter-Biedermann's vocal score (Winterthur, 1858), p. 1. As quoted in Holoman, 262.〕 The direct antecedent for the choral symphony is Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Beethoven's Ninth incorporates part of the ''Ode an die Freude'' ("Ode to Joy"), a poem by Friedrich Schiller, with text sung by soloists and chorus in the last movement. It is the first example of a major composer's use of the human voice on the same level as instruments in a symphony.〔Peter von Winter's ''Schlacht-Sinfonie'' also uses a concluding chorus. Written in 1814, it predates Beethoven's Ninth by a decade. However, as an occasional work written in one movement, the ''Schlacht-Sinfonie'' "stands outside the generic tradition of the symphony". Bonds, ''New Grove (2001)'', 24:836.〕 A few 19th-century composers, notably Felix Mendelssohn and Franz Liszt, followed Beethoven in producing choral symphonic works. Notable works in the genre were produced in the 20th century by Gustav Mahler, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Igor Stravinsky, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten and Dmitri Shostakovich, among others. The final years of the 20th century and the opening of the 21st century have seen several new works in this genre, among them compositions by Peter Maxwell Davies, Tan Dun, Philip Glass, Hans Werner Henze and Krzysztof Penderecki. The term "choral symphony" indicates the composer's intention that the work be symphonic, even with its fusion of narrative or dramatic elements that stems from the inclusion of words. To this end, the words are often treated symphonically to pursue non-narrative ends, by use of frequent repetition of important words and phrases, and the transposing, reordering or omission of passages of the set text. The text often determines the basic symphonic outline, while the orchestra's role in conveying the musical ideas is similar in importance to that of the chorus and soloists.〔Kennedy, ''Vaughan Williams'', 444.〕 Even with a symphonic emphasis, a choral symphony is often influenced in musical form and content by an external narrative, even in parts where there is no singing. ==History== The symphony had established itself by the end of the 18th century as the most prestigious of instrumental genres.〔 While the genre had been developed with considerable intensity throughout that century and appeared in a wide range of occasions, it was generally used as an opening or closing work; in between would be works that included vocal and instrumental soloists.〔Larue and Wolf, ''New Grove'' (2000), 24:812〕 Because of its lack of written text for focus, it was seen as a vehicle for entertainment rather than for social, moral or intellectual ideas.〔 As the symphony grew in size and artistic significance, thanks in part to efforts in the form by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, it also amassed greater prestige.〔 A concurrent change in attitude toward instrumental music in general also took place, and the lack of text, once seen as a handicap, became considered a virtue.〔Bonds, ''New Grove (2001)'', 24:835.〕 In 1824, Beethoven redefined the symphony genre in his Ninth by introducing text and voice into a previously instrumental genre. His doing so sparked a debate on the future of the symphony itself.〔 Beethoven's use of words, according to Richard Wagner, had shown "the limits of purely instrumental music" and marked "the end of the symphony as a vital genre".〔As cited in Bonds, ''New Grove'' (2000), 24:837.〕 Others were not sure how to proceed—whether to emulate the Ninth by writing symphonies with choral finales, or to develop the symphony genre in a purely instrumental fashion.〔Bonds, ''New Grove (2001)'', 24:837.〕 Eventually, musicologist Mark Evan Bonds writes, the symphony was seen "as an all-embracing, cosmic drama that transcended the realm of sound alone".〔Bonds, ''New Grove (2001)'', 24:838.〕 Some composers both emulated and expanded upon Beethoven's model. Berlioz showed in his choral symphony ''Roméo et Juliette'' a fresh approach to the epic nature of the symphony as he used voices to blend music and narrative but saved crucial moments of that narrative for the orchestra alone.〔 In doing so, Bonds writes, Berlioz illustrates for subsequent composers "new approaches for addressing the metaphysical in the realm of the symphony".〔 Mendelssohn wrote his Lobgesang as a work for chorus, soloists and orchestra. Labeling the work a "symphony-cantata", he expanded the choral finale to nine movements by including sections for vocal soloists, recitatives and sections for chorus; this made the vocal part longer than the three purely orchestral sections that preceded it.〔Todd, ''New Grove (2001)'', 16:403.〕 Liszt wrote two choral symphonies, following in these multi-movement forms the same compositional practices and programmatic goals he had established in his symphonic poems.〔 After Liszt, Mahler took on the legacy of Beethoven in his early symphonies, in what Bonds terms "their striving for a utopian finale". Towards this end Mahler used a chorus and soloists in the finale of his Second Symphony, the "Resurrection". In his Third, he wrote a purely instrumental finale following two vocal movements, and in his Fourth a vocal finale is sung by a solo soprano.〔Bonds, ''New Grove (2001)'', 24:839.〕 After writing his Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Symphonies as purely instrumental works, Mahler returned to the vein of "festival-symphonic ceremonial" in his Eighth Symphony, which integrates text throughout the body of the work.〔Franklin, ''New Grove (2001)'', 15:622.〕 After Mahler, the choral symphony became a more common genre, taking a number of compositional turns in the process. Some composers, such as Britten, Rachmaninoff, Shostakovich and Vaughan Williams, followed symphonic form strictly.〔〔〔〔 Others, such as Havergal Brian, Alfred Schnittke and Karol Szymanowski, chose either to expand symphonic form or to use different symphonic structures altogether.〔MacDonald, notes for Naxos 8.570308, 3.〕〔Samson, 122, 126.〕〔Weitzman, notes for Chandos 9463, 5.〕 Throughout the history of the choral symphony, works have been composed for special occasions. One of the earliest was Mendelssohn's Lobgesang, commissioned by the city of Leipzig in 1840 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of movable type.〔 More than a century later, Henryk Górecki's Second Symphony, subtitled "Copernican", was commissioned in 1973 by the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.〔Kosz, notes for Naxos 8.555375, 2.〕 In between these two works, in 1930, conductor Serge Koussevitzky asked Stravinsky to write the ''Symphony of Psalms'' for the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra〔Steinberg, ''Choral Masterworks'', 265.〕 and, in 1946, composer Henry Barraud, then head of Radiodiffusion Française, commissioned Darius Milhaud to write his Third Symphony, subtitled "Te Deum", to commemorate the end of World War II.〔Palmer, ''New Grove (1980)'', 12:306.〕〔''Penguin'', 774.〕 In the final years of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st, more such choral symphonies were written. Krzysztof Penderecki's Seventh Symphony was for the third millennium of the city of Jerusalem.〔Whitehouse, notes to Naxos 8.557766 2.〕 Tan Dun's ''Symphony 1997: Heaven Earth Mankind'' commemorated the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong that year to the People's Republic of China.〔Author unknown, notes for Sony Classical SK 63368, 4.〕 Philip Glass's Fifth Symphony as one of several pieces comissioned to celebrate the beginning of the 21st century. Paul Spicer's choral symphony ''Unfinished Remembering'' (2014, libretto by Euan Tait) was commissioned to commemorate the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Choral symphony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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